7-Calculator Series -Respiratory and Pulmonary

Respiratory and Pulmonary

 7 -Respiratory and Pulmonary series 

1- CURB-65 Community Acquired Pneumonia Severity Score

102 Not-Out Clinical Tool

BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen, mg/dL ≥ 20)? No Yes
Respiratory Rate (≥30/min)? No Yes
Blood Pressure (SBP < 90 mmHg or DBP ≤ 60 mmHg)? No Yes
Age ≥ 65 years? No Yes

Information

• CURB- 65 is used to assess pneumonia severity and guide decision-making regarding the need for hospital admission or intensive care. Five factors are evaluated: Confusion, Urea levels, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, and age 65 years or older. Higher scores indicating increased risk of mortality and the potential need for more intensive treatment. CURB- 65 is a valuable tool in both primary and secondary care settings for the management of community-acquired pneumonia.
• CURB- 65 Parameters:
• C: Confusion (new)
• U: Urea > 20 mg/dL
• R: Respiratory rate ≥ 30/min
• B: Blood pressure (SBP < 90 or DBP ≤ 60 mmHg)

65: Age ≥ 65 years

Score 0–5 → risk stratification for pneumonia severity.

References

Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003; 58:377.

6- Calculator Series --Renal & ElectrolytesDialysis Flow

Dialysis APD

1-Dialysis Flow Rate Calculator — Qb & Qd 

  

1⛑️2 Not-Out: Tools

5-Calculator-Series-Renal & Electrolytes

1- FENa (Fractional Excretion of Sodium) Calculator 

Information

The Sodium Bicarbonate Deficit calculation is used to estimate the amount of sodium bicarbonate needed to correct metabolic acidosis. It considers the patient's weight, the target increase in serum bicarbonate, and the patient's current bicarbonate level. This guides the treatment of patients with acid-base imbalances, such as those with severe renal failure or metabolic acidosis from other causes. The calculation provides an estimate of the bicarbonate amount required to raise the serkum bicarbonate to a desired level, aiding in appropriate and safe correction of acidosis.

Bicarbonate Deficit Calculation-

bicarb deficit = 0.4 × weight (kg) × (desired bicarb (mmol/L) – bicarb level (mmol/L))

References-

Koda -Kimble M, Young LY, et al. Handbook of Applied Therapeutics. Lippi ncott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. P10.3(1104).

FENa (Fractional Excretion of Sodium)

Urine Sodium (U_Na, mmol/L):
Plasma Sodium (P_Na, mmol/L):
Urine Creatinine (U_Cr, mg/dL):
Plasma Creatinine (P_Cr, mg/dL):

4-Calculator -Series-Renal & Electrolytes

Renal and electrolytes 

Series-Renal & Electrolytes Subcategory

1- Creatinine Clearance

Creatinine Clearance ( Cockcroft-Gault)--

Age (years): Weight (kg): Serum Creatinine (mg/dL):
Sex: Male Female

   ​Formula used:   $$CrCl = \frac{(140 - \text{age}) \times \text{weight (kg)}}{72 \times \text{Scr (mg/dL)}} \times (0.85 \; \text{if female})$$

Information-

Creatinine Clearance (CrCl), estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation, is a measure of renal function. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is calculated based on serum creatinine, age, weight, and sex. The assessment is key in detecting renal impairment and for dosage adjustment, particularly in patients with reduced renal function.

Cockcroft- Gault Calculation-

Creatinine Clearance (Cockcroft- Gault)

where Clcr=Creatinine Clearance (mL/min), gender = 1.04 { female }, 1.23 { male }, IBW = Ideal Body weight, kg, SCr = Serum Creatinine, μmol/L​

3-Calculator-Cardiovascular-

 

Cardiovascular 

4-CHA₂DS₂-VASc Stroke Risk Score

Congestive Heart Failure: No (0) Yes (+1) Hypertension: No (0) Yes (+1) Age: <65 option="" years=""> 65–74 years (+1) ≥75 years (+2) Diabetes Mellitus: No (0) Yes (+1) Prior Stroke / TIA / Thromboembolism: No (0) Yes (+2) Vascular Disease (MI, PAD, aortic plaque): No (0) Yes (+1) Sex: Male (0) Female (+1)

Scoring System: 

Congestive HF = +1 Hypertension = +1 Age 65–74 = +1 Age ≥75 = +2 Diabetes Mellitus = +1 Stroke/TIA/Thromboembolism = +2 Vascular Disease = +1 Sex Female = +1 👉 Replace the “CHA₂DS₂-VASc Coming Soon” card with this working calculator. Would you like me to prepare HAS-BLED Score (Bleeding Risk) Information CHA2DS2-VASc score is for estimating the risk of stroke in patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF). It is used to guide clinical decision-making regarding anticoagulation therapy in patients with AF, with higher scores typically warranting stronger consideration for anticoagulation to prevent stroke. This scoring system provides a more detailed assessment of stroke risk compared to CHADS2. CHA2DS2-VASc Score for Atrial Fibrillation Stroke Risk Total Score Annual Stroke Risk 0 Low (0% - Consider no anticoagulation) 1 Low (1.3% - Consider anticoagulation based on patient factors) 2 or more Moderate to high (2.2% or higher - Anticoagulation therapy typically recommended) References Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010

2- Calculator -Cardiovascular

 

Cardiovascular 

2-Cardiovascular --Subcategorie

• Framingham Cardiac Risk Calculator
• Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
• CHADS₂ Stroke Risk Score
• CHA₂DS₂-VASc Stroke Risk Score
• HAS-BLED Bleeding Risk Score
• HEART Score for Major Cardiac Events
• RCRI (Revised Cardiac Risk Index)
• STOP-BANG Sleep Apnoea Score

• 1- Framingham Cardiac Risk Calculator →

  Framingham Cardiac Risk Calculator

  Age (years): Gender: Male Female Total Cholesterol (mg/dL): HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL): Systolic BP (mmHg): Treated for Hypertension: No Yes Smoker: No Yes

  
  

  Information

  The Framingham 10-Year Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Risk Score is derived from the Framingham Heart Study which estimates the 10-year risk of developing CHD in individuals without existing heart disease. This score takes into account several risk factors, including age, gender, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension, smoking status, and diabetes status. The resulting percentage reflects the likelihood of developing CHD within the next 10 years. It is useful in identifying individuals at high risk for CHD, guiding preventive measures such as lifestyle modifications and, where appropriate, pharmacotherapy.

  Framingham 10-Year CVD Risk Score
  Total Score	10-Year CVD Risk
  Low	Less than 10% risk
  Intermediate	10% to 20% risk
  High	More than 20% risk

  References

  • D'Agostino RB Sr, Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Wolf PA, Cobain M, Massaro JM, Kannel WB. General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2008;117(6):743-753

1-Calculator clinical-General &Body Metrics

1⛑️2 Not-Out

Here are some of the key clinical tools and calculators used in health laboratories:

1. Software Systems and Integrated Tools

1. Laboratory Information System (LIS):

   • Description: This is the central nervous system of a modern lab. An LIS manages patient demographics, test orders, specimen tracking, instrument interfaces, result entry, validation, reporting, and billing. It automates much of the data handling and ensures data integrity.

   • Importance: Essential for workflow efficiency, reducing manual errors, ensuring regulatory compliance, and providing a comprehensive audit trail.

   • Examples: Orchard Harvest LIS, Cerner Millennium PathNet, Epic Beaker.

2. Quality Control (QC) Software:

   • Description: Used to monitor the performance of laboratory tests over time. It helps identify issues with reagents, instruments, or techniques before patient results are affected. Features often include Levy-Jennings charts, Westgard rules application, and statistical analysis of QC data.

   • Importance: Guarantees the reliability and accuracy of patient test results.

   • Examples: Bio-Rad Unity, Data Innovations Instrument Manager.

3. Instrument-Specific Software:

   • Description: Modern laboratory analyzers (e.g., chemistry analyzers, hematology analyzers, molecular diagnostic platforms) come with their own sophisticated software. This software controls the instrument's operation, performs internal calibrations, calculates raw data into final results, and often integrates directly with the LIS.

   • Importance: Automates complex analytical processes and calculations, ensuring precise measurements.

4. Middleware:

   • Description: Software that sits between the laboratory instruments and the LIS. It can help standardize data from different instruments, perform auto-validation rules, manage reflex testing, and optimize workflow.

   • Importance: Improves data management, reduces manual intervention, and enhances efficiency by automating repetitive tasks.

II. Clinical Calculators (Formulas & Algorithms

Many laboratory results are not just raw measurements but are derived or interpreted using specific formulas. These can be integrated into LIS, instrument software, or used as standalone tools.

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1⛑️2 Not-Out- General & Body Metrics

1-BMI Calculator

Weight (kg) / Height² (m)

Weight (kg)

Height (cm)

Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT)

Abbreviated Mental Test

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Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT)

Tap each question: Yes = +1

AMT Score: - / 10

No answers yet.

Interpretation:
8–10 = Normal cognitive function
0–7 = Possible cognitive impairment (further Information

Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) is used to assess mental impairment in older adults. It evaluates various aspects of mental functioning, including memory, attention, and orientation to time and place. It is commonly used to quickly identify possible cognitive deficits, aiding in the diagnosis of conditions like dementia. Its simplicity and brevity make it particularly useful in primary care and acute hospital settings for initial cognitive assessment.assessment needed)

Ref calculator.net

TOOL-Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) & ABCD2 TIA Calculator

TOOL-Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) & ABCD2 TIA Calculator

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1⛑️2 Not-Out-

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) & ABCD2 TIA Calculators

Compact, result-oriented tools with infographic

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) Calculator

Score range 3–15. Higher = better neurological status.

Best Eye Opening 4

Best Verbal Response 5

Best Motor Response 6

GCS: 15

Interpretation: 13–15 mild, 9–12 moderate, ≤8 severe.

ABCD2 Score for TIA

Use within 48 hours to estimate early stroke risk.

Age ≥ 60 years: No (0)

BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg: No (0)

Clinical Features: Other (0)

Duration of Symptoms: <10 min (0)

Diabetes: No (0)

ABCD2 Score: 0 Risk: -

Total Score	2-Day Stroke Risk
0–3	Low (1.0–3.1%)
4–5	Moderate (4.1–5.9%)
6–7	High (8.1–11.7%)

References: Rothwell PM et al., Lancet 2005; Johnston SC et al., Lancet 2007.

 Neurology and Psychiatry series