Health Challenges in Slums:
Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases: Conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and rheumatic heart disease exist in slums due to late complications that the formal health sector deals with.
Communicable Diseases: Slums also face communicable diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV infection.
Injuries: Both intentional and unintentional injuries contribute to health challenges in slums.
Overcrowding and Poor Sanitation: These factors exacerbate health issues, making it difficult for residents to maintain well-being.
Limited Access to Clean Water: Lack of clean water availability affects hygiene and health.
Substandard Housing: Unhealthy living conditions in cramped spaces impact overall health.
Neglect and Late Detection:
Unlike refugee populations, the formal health sector becomes aware of slum residents’ health problems relatively late in the course of their illnesses.
Consequently, the formal health sector often deals with severe and end-stage complications, incurring higher costs compared to managing non-slum communities.
Little is known about the spectrum, burden, and determinants of illnesses in slums, especially chronic but preventable diseases2.
Economic Consequences:
Continued neglect of urban slum populations could lead to greater expenditure and diversion of health care resources toward managing preventable end-stage complications.
A fresh approach to health assessment and understanding social-cluster determinants of health in slums is urgently needed.
In summary, addressing health challenges in slums requires targeted interventions, improved access to healthcare, and a holistic understanding of the unique issues faced by these neglected populations.
Explain ---False. Negative perceptions of older workers persist because of health issues, diminished energy, discomfort with technology, closeness to retirement, and reaction to change in the workplace -- all associated with older adults. On the contrary, the research identified characteristics of low turnover, less voluntary absenteeism and fewer injuries in older workers. Recent high ratings of older workers from employers cite loyalty, dependability, emotional stability, congeniality with co-workers, and consistent and accurate work outcomes.
Explain ---True. Muscle mass declines, cartilage erodes, membranes fibrosis (harden), and fluid thickens. These contribute to stiffness, gait problems, lessened mobility, and limited range of motion. Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength and function, starts to set in around age 45 when muscle mass begins to decline at a rate of about 1 per cent a year. This gradual loss has been tied to protein deficiency, lack of exercise, and increased frailty among the elderly. Research shows that weight-bearing exercise, aerobics, and weight resistance can restore muscle strength, increase stamina, stabilize balance and minimize falls.
Explain ---False. Sexuality, “the dynamic outcome of physical capacity, motivation, attitudes, the opportunity for partnership, and sexual conduct,” exists throughout life in one form or another in everyone. It includes the physical act of intercourse as well as many other types of intimacy such as touch, hugging, and holding. Sexuality is related to overall health with those whose health is rated as excellent or good being nearly twice as likely to be sexually active as those whose health is rated as poorer. The particular form it takes varies with age and gender. In general, men are more likely than women to have a partner, more likely to be sexually active with that partner, and tend to have more positive and permissive attitudes toward sex. While the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project showed that there was a significant decline in the percentage of men and women who reported having any sex in the preceding year (comparing 57-64, 65- 74, and 75-84 years), some of this decline relates to loss of partners. Those who remained sexually active with a partner maintained remarkably constant rates of sexual activity through 65-74 and fell only modestly at the oldest ages. Normal ageing physical changes in both men and women sometimes affect the ability of an older adult to have and enjoy sex. A woman’s vagina may shorten and narrow and her vaginal walls become thinner and stiffer which leads to less vaginal lubrication and effects on sexual function As men age, impotence ( becomes more common. ED may cause a man to take longer to have an erection and it may not be as firm or large as it used to be.
Explain--- True. Symptoms in the lower urinary tract are more prevalent among older adults, and clinical studies have demonstrated advancing age is associated with a reduced bladder capacity. The elastic tissue becomes tough and the bladder becomes less stretchy resulting in the bladder not holding as much urine as before. Blockage of the urethra can occur in women due to weakened muscles that cause the bladder or vagina to fall out of position (prolapsed). In men, the urethra can become blocked by an enlarged prostate. Ageing increases the risk of kidney and bladder problems and can lead to bladder control issues such as urinary incontinence or leakage, or urinary retention which means you are not able to completely empty your bladder. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are also common as we age as well as an increased chance of chronic kidney disease.
Explain ---True. The incidence of acute or temporary conditions, such as infections or the common cold, decreases with age, although those that do occur can be more debilitating and require more care. Older people are much more likely than the young to suffer from chronic conditions. These are long-term (more than three months), often permanent, and leave a residual disability that may require long-term management or care rather than cure. More than 80% of older adults have one chronic condition, and 50% have at least two. The likelihood of multiple chronic conditions increases with age. The most common chronic conditions were high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, arthritis and diabetes that order.
Explain--- False. While some older people may experience a period of prolonged adjustment, there is no evidence that there is special harmfulness in elderly relocation. Studies of community residents and of institutional movers have found an approximately normal distribution of outcomes -- some positive, some negative, mostly neutral or mixed and small in degree. Company relocation brings a better fit between personal needs and the demands of the physical and social environment. Research generally has demonstrated that adjustment to residential relocation is determined, at least in part, by perceived predictability and controllability and by the similarity between the originating and receiving environments.
Explain ---False. Negative perceptions of older workers persist because of health issues, diminished energy, discomfort with technology, closeness to retirement, and reaction to change in the workplace -- all associated with older adults. On the contrary, the research identified characteristics of low turnover, less voluntary absenteeism and fewer injuries in older workers. Recent high ratings of older workers from employers cite loyalty, dependability, emotional stability, congeniality with co-workers, and consistent and accurate work outcomes. AARP gave an award in 2013 (cosponsored by the Society for Human Resource Management) to the Best Employers for Workers Over 50. Some of the nationally recognized organizations that made the list were: the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Scripps Health, Atlantic Health System, Michelin North America, and the Department of Veteran Affairs–Veteran Health Administration Division.
Explain--- True. Some older adults do have visual, motor, or cognitive impairments that make them dangerous drivers. Many drive more slowly and cautiously or avoid driving in conditions they consider threatening to compensate for these changes. Until approximate age 85 older adults have fewer driver fatalities per million drivers than men 20 years old, but they do have more accidents per miles driven. Unsafe speed and alcohol use are leading factors in accidents for young drivers, while right-of-way violations are the leading cause of accidents involving older drivers--which implies a breakdown in such cognitive-perceptual components as estimating the speed of oncoming cars or reacting too slowly to unexpected events. Older drivers' skills can be improved considerably by specific driver training such as through the AARP "55 ALIVE/Mature Driving" program.
HARD LABOUR UNDER SUN IN SLUM AREA KEEP THE BODY UNFIT AND UNHEALTHY-POLLUTED SURROUNDING--
Q&A-
1- Older workers cannot work as effectively as younger workers?
Explain ---False. Negative perceptions of older workers persist because of health issues, diminished energy, discomfort with technology, closeness to retirement, and reaction to change in the workplace -- all associated with older adults. On the contrary, the research identified characteristics of low turnover, less voluntary absenteeism and fewer injuries in older workers. Recent high ratings of older workers from employers cite loyalty, dependability, emotional stability, congeniality with co-workers, and consistent and accurate work outcomes.
2- Physical strength declines in old age?
Explain ---True. Muscle mass declines, cartilage erodes, membranes fibrosis (harden), and fluid thickens. These contribute to stiffness, gait problems, lessened mobility, and limited range of motion. Sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass, strength and function, starts to set in around age 45 when muscle mass begins to decline at a rate of about 1 per cent a year. This gradual loss has been tied to protein deficiency, lack of exercise, and increased frailty among the elderly. Research shows that weight-bearing exercise, aerobics, and weight resistance can restore muscle strength, increase stamina, stabilize balance and minimize falls.
3- Most old people lose interest in and capacity for sexual relations?
Explain ---False. Sexuality, “the dynamic outcome of physical capacity, motivation, attitudes, the opportunity for partnership, and sexual conduct,” exists throughout life in one form or another in everyone. It includes the physical act of intercourse as well as many other types of intimacy such as touch, hugging, and holding. Sexuality is related to overall health with those whose health is rated as excellent or good being nearly twice as likely to be sexually active as those whose health is rated as poorer. The particular form it takes varies with age and gender. In general, men are more likely than women to have a partner, more likely to be sexually active with that partner, and tend to have more positive and permissive attitudes toward sex. While the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project showed that there was a significant decline in the percentage of men and women who reported having any sex in the preceding year (comparing 57-64, 65- 74, and 75-84 years), some of this decline relates to loss of partners. Those who remained sexually active with a partner maintained remarkably constant rates of sexual activity through 65-74 and fell only modestly at the oldest ages. Normal ageing physical changes in both men and women sometimes affect the ability of an older adult to have and enjoy sex. A woman’s vagina may shorten and narrow and her vaginal walls become thinner and stiffer which leads to less vaginal lubrication and effects on sexual function As men age, impotence ( becomes more common. ED may cause a man to take longer to have an erection and it may not be as firm or large as it used to be.
4- Bladder capacity decreases with age, which leads to frequent urination?
Explain--- True. Symptoms in the lower urinary tract are more prevalent among older adults, and clinical studies have demonstrated advancing age is associated with a reduced bladder capacity. The elastic tissue becomes tough and the bladder becomes less stretchy resulting in the bladder not holding as much urine as before. Blockage of the urethra can occur in women due to weakened muscles that cause the bladder or vagina to fall out of position (prolapsed). In men, the urethra can become blocked by an enlarged prostate. Ageing increases the risk of kidney and bladder problems and can lead to bladder control issues such as urinary incontinence or leakage, or urinary retention which means you are not able to completely empty your bladder. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are also common as we age as well as an increased chance of chronic kidney disease.
5- As poor old labour people live longer, they face fewer acute conditions and more chronic health conditions?
Explain ---True. The incidence of acute or temporary conditions, such as infections or the common cold, decreases with age, although those that do occur can be more debilitating and require more care. Older people are much more likely than the young to suffer from chronic conditions. These are long-term (more than three months), often permanent, and leave a residual disability that may require long-term management or care rather than cure. More than 80% of older adults have one chronic condition, and 50% have at least two. The likelihood of multiple chronic conditions increases with age. The most common chronic conditions were high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, arthritis and diabetes that order.
6 . Older people do not adapt as well as younger age groups when they relocate to a new environment?
Explain--- False. While some older people may experience a period of prolonged adjustment, there is no evidence that there is special harmfulness in elderly relocation. Studies of community residents and of institutional movers have found an approximately normal distribution of outcomes -- some positive, some negative, mostly neutral or mixed and small in degree. Company relocation brings a better fit between personal needs and the demands of the physical and social environment. Research generally has demonstrated that adjustment to residential relocation is determined, at least in part, by perceived predictability and controllability and by the similarity between the originating and receiving environments.
7 Older workers cannot work as effectively as younger workers?
Explain ---False. Negative perceptions of older workers persist because of health issues, diminished energy, discomfort with technology, closeness to retirement, and reaction to change in the workplace -- all associated with older adults. On the contrary, the research identified characteristics of low turnover, less voluntary absenteeism and fewer injuries in older workers. Recent high ratings of older workers from employers cite loyalty, dependability, emotional stability, congeniality with co-workers, and consistent and accurate work outcomes. AARP gave an award in 2013 (cosponsored by the Society for Human Resource Management) to the Best Employers for Workers Over 50. Some of the nationally recognized organizations that made the list were: the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Scripps Health, Atlantic Health System, Michelin North America, and the Department of Veteran Affairs–Veteran Health Administration Division.
8 . Most older LABOUR/ drivers are quite capable of safely operating a motor/RIKSHA CYCLE vehicle?
Explain--- True. Some older adults do have visual, motor, or cognitive impairments that make them dangerous drivers. Many drive more slowly and cautiously or avoid driving in conditions they consider threatening to compensate for these changes. Until approximate age 85 older adults have fewer driver fatalities per million drivers than men 20 years old, but they do have more accidents per miles driven. Unsafe speed and alcohol use are leading factors in accidents for young drivers, while right-of-way violations are the leading cause of accidents involving older drivers--which implies a breakdown in such cognitive-perceptual components as estimating the speed of oncoming cars or reacting too slowly to unexpected events. Older drivers' skills can be improved considerably by specific driver training such as through the AARP "55 ALIVE/Mature Driving" program.
